作者 主题: 《老子》第十四章  (阅读 5688 次)

水木罗汉

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《老子》第十四章
« 于: 2011-12-26 15:32:08 »
第十四章
原文:视之不见名曰夷,听之不闻名曰希,博之不得名曰微。此三者,不可致诘,故混而为一。其上不皦,其下不昧。绳绳兮不可名,复归于无物。是谓无状之状,无物之象,是谓惚恍。迎之不见其首,随之不见其后。执古之道,以御今之有。能知古始,是谓道纪。
罗汉乱弹琴:
从第一章到第十三章,老子都在讲一个平凡的人通过什么样的途径、方法、程序、规则,修身养性而成为智者、贤人、圣人,最后成为大众可以把天下托付给他来管理的人。到这一章,老子对第一章开始句的“道可道,非常道”再进行总结性的说明:这些修身养性的途径、方法、程序、规则,具有不确定性的特点,并且还不是他的发明,是古已有之,是需要结合今之实际进行深入体悟的东东:“道”。
视之不见名曰夷——“夷”字,是把一个人用藤条或者布条之类的东西严严实实地缠绕或者包裹起来,所有的差别和凹凸的地方都被掩盖抹平。因此才有了这个字的初始意义:平,和“使之平”的意思,也就有了语言中“夷为平地”的说法。但是根据上述解释,我们更要想到,夷,不是真的平了,真的什么都没有,只是被包裹掩藏起来“夷平”了。只有这样才能深刻理解老子说的“视之不见名曰夷”,也就是说,虽然我们眼睛看不见,但不等于就真的没有。
听之不闻名曰希——也得先搞懂“希”字的初始含义。它是由“X”和“布”组成。其实就是用架子把一块布挂起来的意思。“听之不闻名曰希”就是说有声音我们却听不到,那可能是被布幔隔离阻挡了。所以这也是有声音,只是因为种种原因被阻隔让我们听不到而已。
博之不得名曰微——同样,这个“微”字,只是小而又小,小到我们用手去抓它,无论怎么抓都抓不到。但是我们却不能因此就说它不存在。
此三者,不可致诘,故混而为一 ——看不见,听不到,抓不到,这三者,都是不可能打破砂锅问追询到底的,所以我把它混同为一:(道)。
其上不皦,其下不昧。绳绳兮不可名,复归于无物。是谓无状之状,无物之象,是谓惚恍。迎之不见其首,随之不见其后。——它并不光耀,也不暗昧,无论我们怎么象搓绳子那样不停地去梳理它,最后依然不可名状。因为它是没有具体形状的“状”:,是没有具体形象的”象“,是一种”恍惚“的状态。你迎着它去看吧,看不清它的尊容,你紧跟足迹随其后吧,又看不清它的背影。
执古之道,以御今之有。能知古始,是谓道纪——但是,它却早在远古就已存在,只要你按照古已有之的途径、方法、程序、规则,考察今之事物,就能知道我们现在所有的一切,都从古代就已开始,所以无论自然还是社会,以及我们考察自然和社会的途径,又都是有规律可循的(纪:大家注意这个“纪”字也是从“丝”,就会明白,是任何事物都是连续有头绪的意思)。
大家看我的解读,就会明白老子从来没有说过无中生有的话。在这里他的每一句表达“无”的时候,都在十分形象地告诉我们:其实是“有”的另一种存在方式。
有好多人讲不清老子思想,就在于他们没想到要从文字发生学去理解那时的老子为什么要用那个字。
Luohan comprehension:
From chapter 1 to chapter 13,Lao-Tzu talk about in which way can the ordinary man become a wise man,a superman or a sage,and finally he can manage the world. In this chapter,Lao-Tzu summarize the opening phrase of chapter 1,“道可道,非常道”and explained:The method of self-cultivation has some uncertainty,it comes from an ancient way of knowing,we need to integrate theory with practice.
视之不见名曰夷——The meaning of word“夷”is to wrap it in a cloth or cane,all the differences and the uneven places will be hide and smooth out. So the first meaning of it is:“smooth,razed to the ground”. But according to the last interpretation,we will have a further consideration,“夷”is not the real smooth,nothing at all,it just be hide and smooth out. Only then can we understand the“视之不见名曰夷”,that is,though we do not see it,but not equal to nothing at all.
听之不闻名曰希——We must understand the initial meaning of the word“希”. It made of“X”and“布”. Actually it means put the cloth on the shelf. “听之不闻名曰希”it means if we do not hear it,maybe it has been block by the cloth. So it is alive with sounds but has been blocked and we can't hear it.
博之不得名曰微——At the same,the word“微”(subtle),it's too small and we try to grasp it,but do not get hold of it,so we can't deny the existence of it.
此三者,不可桎诘,故混而为一——We do not see it,we can not hear it,we do not get hold of it,with these three qualities,it can not be made the subject of description,and hence we blend them together and obtain the one:“道”(Tao).
其上不皦,其下不昧。绳绳兮不可名,复归于无物。是谓无状之状,无物之象,是谓惚恍。迎之不见其首,随之不见其后——It's upper part is not bright,and it's lower part is not obscure. Ceaseless in it's action,It yet cannot be named,and then it again returns and becomes nothing. This is called the Formless,and the semblance of the invisible,this is called the fleeting and indeterminable.
执古之道,以御今之有。能知古始,是谓道纪——We meet it and do not see its front;we follow it,and do not see its back. When we can lay hold of the Tao of old to direct the things of the present day,and are able to know it as it was of old in the beginning,this is called the clue of Tao. (Pay attention to the word“纪”,it equals to the word“丝”,everything has it's definite clue.
Looked at my comprehension,we will know that Lao-Tzu had not created something out of nothing,when he expressed the“无”,also means the other way of existence.
Many people can not express the perspective Lao-Tzu, because they can not understand the perspective of Lao-Tzu by the way of Philology.

                             2011年12月26日星期一于富力湾
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